中考名師講堂(二) ▏英語 :直擊“熟詞生義” 突破閱讀難關(guān)
中考名師講堂(二) ▏英語 :直擊“熟詞生義” 突破閱讀難關(guān)
2025年中考臨近,初三學(xué)子進(jìn)入備考的沖刺階段,如何把握節(jié)奏、抓住重點(diǎn)、高效復(fù)習(xí)?為此,自今日起,新天水教育頻道聯(lián)合天水市教科所邀請我市經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的各學(xué)科優(yōu)秀教師,為考生備考支招,推出《名師講堂》專欄,敬請大家關(guān)注。

馬婧:天水市麥積區(qū)天成學(xué)校教師 曾獲市級作業(yè)設(shè)計大賽一等獎等

周情:天水市教育科學(xué)研究所初中英語教研員曾獲市級園丁獎
熟詞生義是初中英語學(xué)習(xí)中常見的現(xiàn)象,指某些常見詞匯在特定語境下具有不同于常規(guī)的含義或用法。這種現(xiàn)象既是初中英語考試的重難點(diǎn),也是英語學(xué)習(xí)的關(guān)鍵突破口,需要通過系統(tǒng)積累和語境分析,精準(zhǔn)理解詞匯的靈活含義,從而提升語言綜合能力。以下從定義特點(diǎn)、重要性、常見例子、學(xué)習(xí)方法及初中重要熟詞生義單詞總結(jié)等五方面進(jìn)行歸納。
一、熟詞生義的定義與特點(diǎn)
熟詞生義的核心在于“一詞多義”。例如,“bank”的常見含義是“銀行”,但在“river bank”中表示“河岸”;“address”通常指“地址”,但也可作動詞表示“處理、解決(問題)”。這類詞匯的“生義”往往與上下文緊密相關(guān),需通過語境判斷具體含義。
二、掌握熟詞生義的重要性
1.考試高頻考點(diǎn):閱讀理解中常通過熟詞生義設(shè)置理解障礙,完形填空要求根據(jù)上下文選擇正確釋義。
2.提升語言應(yīng)用能力:正確理解詞匯的延伸含義,有助于提高閱讀速度和寫作表達(dá)的豐富性。例如“develop”除了“發(fā)展”,還可表示“沖洗(照片)”或“患病”。
3.避免誤解:如“I’m touched”并非“被觸碰”,而是“我被感動了”,忽略生義可能導(dǎo)致溝通偏差。
三、典型例子解析
Let down:熟義為“放下”,生義為“使失望”(如:He let me down by breaking his promise)。
Company:常見義為“公司”,但在“keep someone company”中表示“陪伴”。
四、學(xué)習(xí)方法建議
1.結(jié)合語境推斷:遇到熟悉詞匯時,先通過上下文猜測可能含義,再驗(yàn)證是否合理。
2.積累高頻熟詞生義:整理考試常見詞匯(如ask,close,tell等),分類記憶不同用法。
3.多維度練習(xí):通過完形填空、句子翻譯等題型強(qiáng)化應(yīng)用能力,例如區(qū)分“bear(忍受)”與“bear(熊)”的用法差異。
五、初中重要熟詞生義單詞:
A
1. appear
① 出現(xiàn)?。╲i.)
A ship appeared on the horizon.(disappear消失)
② 好象,似乎?。╲i.)
She appears to have many friends.
2. apply
① 申請(for)(vi.)
Mr.Wang decided to apply for the job.
② 運(yùn)用、應(yīng)用?。╰o)(vt.)
Our teacher applies this teaching method to his class.
3. arm
手臂(n.) 武裝 (v.)
Lay down your arms or we'll fire!
放下武器,否則,我們就開槍了!
Police say the man is armed with guns and very dangerous.
警察說該男子攜有槍,十分危險。
4. area
① 地區(qū)?。╪.)
Do you like the area where you are living?
② 面積?。╪.)
The city covers an area of 30,000 square kilometer.
5. ask?。ㄊ炝x:問)
要求(vt.)
The teacher asked that all the students stay at the classroom. 老師要求所有學(xué)生呆在教室
B
1. break
① 打破、打碎?。╲t.)
The boy broke the windows of the house.
② 休息 (n.)
We have been working all the morning,let`s have a break.
2. book?。ㄊ炝x:書)
預(yù)定,預(yù)購(v.)
I would like to book three seats for tonight’s concert.
我想預(yù)定今晚音樂會的三個座位。
C
1. can (熟義:能)
罐頭(n.) 做成罐頭?。╲t.)
2. capital?。ㄊ炝x:首都)
大寫字母;資本(n.)
Write your name in block capitals, please.
姓名請用大寫。
3. change?。ㄊ炝x:變化)
零錢,找頭(n.)
Have you got change for a five-pound note?
你有沒有5英鎊的零錢?
4. charge
① 負(fù)責(zé)?。╪.)
The young man is in charge of the company.
② 充電 (vt.)
My cellphone is fully charged.
③ 收?。ㄙM(fèi)用)(vt.)
How much do you charge me for mending shoes?
④ 指控?。╲t.)
He was charged with murder.
5. cost?。ㄊ炝x:花費(fèi);值……)
使失去(生命、健康等)(vt.)
Careless driving cost his life.
粗心的駕駛使他付出生命的代價。
6. course?。ㄊ炝x:過程)
課程;航線;一道菜(n.)
I’d like to take a refresher course to improve my driving.
我想?yún)⒓友a(bǔ)習(xí)訓(xùn)練以提高自己的駕駛技術(shù)。
The plane was off the course.
飛機(jī)偏離航向。
They were treated with a five-course dinner for lunch.
招待他們五道菜的正餐。
7. company
① 公司?。╪.)
He worked in the company last year.
② 友伴、陪伴 (n.)
keep sb company I will stay here and keep you company.
8. close
① 關(guān)?。╲t.)
Close the door when you leave the room.
② 靠近的?。╝dj.)
The church is close to our school.
③ 親密的、親近的?。╝dj.) a close friend
④ 位置接近地?。╝dv.)
The girl felt very cold,so she stood close to her mother.
9. check
① 核查?。╲t.)
Let me check your answer.
② 支票?。╪.)
I will ask the boss for the check.
10.count(熟義:數(shù)、數(shù)目)
重要(vi.);認(rèn)為?。╲t.)
Every minute counts.
每分每秒都重要。
D
1. date?。ㄊ炝x:日期;棗子)
追溯;約會(v.)
The ancient temple has a long history and can date back to the year 1890AD.
They have been dating for a long time.
他們一直頻頻約會。
2. dear(熟義:親愛的) 昂貴的
Clothes are getting dearer.
衣服越來越貴了。
3. desert?。ㄊ炝x:沙漠)
離開,拋棄(vt.)
We sheltered from the storm in a deserted garage.
我們在一間空無人住的茅屋里躲暴風(fēng)雨。
4. develop
① 發(fā)展?。╲t.)
② 沖洗(相片)?。╲t.)
③養(yǎng)成(習(xí)慣) (vt.)
5. drive
① 駕駛?。╲t.)
I drove a car to visit my parents.
② 驅(qū)使、驅(qū)趕 (vt.)
The boy was driven out of the club.
E
1. earth?。ㄊ炝x:地球)
泥土(n.)
He covered the roots of the plant with earth.
他用泥土把植物的根埋起來。
2. easy (熟義:容易的)
舒適的,安分的,輕松的(adj.)
Now we are leading an easy life.
現(xiàn)在我們過著舒適的生活。
F
1. fall?。ㄊ炝x:v. 掉落)
n. 秋天;瀑布
His father passed away in the fall of 1970.
他父親在1970年的秋季過世。
The falls upstream are full of salmons.
該瀑布上游有許多大馬哈魚。
2. fine (熟義:adj.好的,晴朗的)
v.&n. 罰款
He was fined $200.
他被罰了200美元。
3. fair
① 公平的?。╝dj.)
It is fair to do the bargain.
② 展覽會、集市 (n.) a world fair 世界博覽會
4. firm?。ㄊ炝x:n. 公司)
adj. 堅(jiān)定的,牢固的
You must be firm where you think you are right.
你認(rèn)為對的地方立場一定要堅(jiān)定。
5. fire?。ㄊ炝x:n. 火)
v. 開除
He was fired for stealing from the counter.
他因從柜臺偷錢而遭解雇。
6. flat?。ㄊ炝x:n. 公寓,套房)
adj. 平躺的, 平伸的, 扁平的
The earthquake laid the city flat.
地震把這座城市夷為平地。
7. fix
① 固定、安裝?。╲t.)
Fix a shelf to the wall.
② 修理?。╲t.)
My watch has stopped——it needs fixing.
③ 確定?。╲t.)
The time for our meeting has been fixed already.
④ 凝視?。╲t.)
Her eyes were fixed on the nice dress.
8. fit
① 合適的 (adj.)
The food is not fit for babies.
② 健康的 (adj.)
Do some sports to keep fit.
③ 合適,合身?。╲t.)
The shoes fit me well.
9. figure
① 外型?。╪.)
② 圖形?。╪.)
③數(shù)字 (n.)
④figure out 弄明白;計算出
I can't figure out why he quittedhis job.
10. form
① 表格?。╪.)
Please fill in the form.
② 形式?。╪.)
water in the form of ice
③ 形成?。╲t.)
He forms a good habit.
G
1. gift
① 禮物 (n.)
I will buy a gift for my mother on Mothers' Day.
② 天賦?。╪.)
The girl has a gift for music.
2. grade?。ㄊ炝x:n. 年級)
n & v. 成績,評分等級;給…評分
She got excellent grades in her exams.
她考試成績優(yōu)異。
The term papers have been graded.
期末試卷已評完分?jǐn)?shù)了。
3. grow?。ㄊ炝x:v. 生長,成長,種植)
v.?。w積或數(shù)量)增加;變大
You must invest if you want your business to grow.
要想使生意擴(kuò)大,必須投資。
H
1. head?。ㄊ炝x:頭)
v. 動身去
The ship was heading for Shanghai.
這艘船開往上海。
2. home?。ā∈炝x:家)
adj. 本國的
The cars are made for the home market.
這些小車生產(chǎn)出來在國內(nèi)銷售。
3. hold
① 抓住 (vt.)
The girl was holding her father's hand. Hold on please.
② 舉行?。╲t.)
A meeting was held last week.
③ 容納?。╲t.)
I don't think the car will hold you all.
④ 占據(jù) (vt.)
She holds the post of manager.
I
1. iron?。ㄊ炝x:鐵)
n.&v. 熨斗;用熨斗燙
Mother is ironing my shirt with an electric iron.
媽媽用電熨斗在給我熨襯衣。
2. interest
①使感興趣?。╲t.)
What he said doesn't interest me at all.
②興趣?。╪.)
The little girl shows an interest in singing.
③利益;利息 (n.)
J
1. jam?。ㄊ炝x:果醬)
vt./n.(使)塞滿;(使)堵塞,困境
The accident jammed the main road for three hours.
這次事故使交通堵塞達(dá)三小時之久。
There are many traffic jams in Chongqing.
重慶經(jīng)常塞車。
2. just (熟義:adv. 正好;恰好)
adj. 公道的;公正的
That is a just decision.
那是公正的判決。
K
key
① 鑰匙 (n.)
I can't find the key to the door.
② 答案?。╪.) a test with key 附答案的測試題
③?。ù蜃謾C(jī)、鋼琴等的)鍵?。╪.)
④ 關(guān)鍵、要害?。╪.)
Diet and exercise are the key to good health.
L
1. last
① 最后、 最近 (adv.)
He came last in the race.
②最后的,末尾的 (adj.)
She is the last one to come to the classroom.
③持續(xù)?。╲i.)
How long do you think this fine weather will last?
2. leave
① 離開?。╲i.)
He left Beijing for Shanghai.
② 留下?。╲t.)
Some one left this note for you.
③ 把……忘記?。╲t.)
I left my key at the office.
④ 使、讓 (vt.)
Don't leave her waiting outside in the rain.
⑤ 假,假期
She asked for leave when her mother was ill.
3.lift
① 舉起?。╲t.)
He can lift the heavy stone.
② 電梯 (n.)
It's on the sixth floor---Let's take the lift.
③ 搭便車?。╪.)
I will give you a lift to the station.
M
1. make?。ㄊ炝x:v. 制造;使)
v. 演變成(某事物);結(jié)果是
If you train hard, you will make a good footballer.
你要刻苦訓(xùn)練就能成為優(yōu)秀的足球運(yùn)動員。
2. mean?。ㄊ炝x:v. 意味著;打算)
adj.吝嗇的;卑鄙的
He is so mean and selfish that it is very difficult to make friends with him.
3. meet
① 遇見、遇到 (vt.)
He met an old friend yesterday.
② 滿足
In order to meet the needs of the readers we will reprint the bestseller.
③(在車站、機(jī)場)接(人)
I will meet you at the airport.
4. match
① 比賽(n.)
There will be a basketball match on Saturday.
② 火柴(n.)
He stroke a match to light up the room.
③ 與….相配
The hat matches her dress very well.
5. mine?。ㄊ炝x:pron. 我的)
n?。Α. 采礦, 礦
When a gold mine was discovered in California, there was a gold rush.
在California發(fā)現(xiàn)金礦后,人們都去掏金了。
6. miss (熟義:v. 想念)
v. 錯過,未擊中,未看見
He shot at the bird but missed.
他打鳥未打中。
He missed the point of my joke.
他沒有聽懂我講的笑話。
O
1. operate?。ㄊ炝x:v. 動手術(shù))
v. 操作,操縱;管理 ,經(jīng)營
He operates the lift.
他是開電梯的。
They operate three factories and a huge warehouse.
他們管著三家工廠和一個大倉庫。
2. order (熟義:n?。Α. 命令)
n. 次序;秩序;點(diǎn)菜
n?。Α. 訂購
Some teachers find it difficult to keep order in their classes.
有些老師覺得課堂秩序很難維持。
We ordered two glasses of milk and some bread.
我們點(diǎn)了兩杯牛奶和一些面包。
P
1. park?。ㄊ炝x:n. 公園)
v. 停車;(暫時)留下(某人),寄存(某物)
Your car is very badly parked.
你的汽車停放得不好。
Park yourself in that chair while I make you a cup of tea.
你坐在那張椅子上,我給你沏茶去。
2.pretty (熟義:adj. 漂亮的,可愛的)
adv. 相當(dāng)
She seemed pretty satisfied with the result.
她對那結(jié)果似乎相當(dāng)滿意。
3. present
① 禮物?。╪.)
He sent me a present for my birthday.
② 在場的、出席的?。╝dj.)
There were 200 people present at the meeting.
③ 目前,當(dāng)前?。╪.)
I am afraid I can`t help you at present——I am too busy
④ 提出、介紹?。╲t.)
He presented his report to the manager when he finished it.
R
1. race
① 競賽 (n.) a horse-race
② 種族?。╪.) people of mixed race
2. raise
① 提高、舉起?。╲t.)
Raise your voice to make yourself heard.
② 飼養(yǎng);撫養(yǎng) (vt.)
My mother raised pigs at the countryside.
③ 籌集;集資?。╲t.)
The man raised money to build a primary school.
3. room (熟義:n. 房間?。?/p>
n. 空間
There is no room for so many people.
4. run (熟義:v. 跑,行駛?。?/p>
v. 經(jīng)營;管理
He has no idea of how to run a successful business.
他不知道把企業(yè)辦好的方法。
S
1. save
① 拯救?。╲t.)
He jumped into water and saved the drowning man.
② 節(jié)約?。╲t.)
Save water,please.
③ 儲蓄?。╲t.)
The girl saves some money for travel.
2. serve
① 服務(wù)、服役 (vt.)
He served in the army during the war.
② 供(某人)飯菜、上菜 (vt.)
Learn to serve at table.
3. sentence?。ㄊ炝x:n. 句子)
v. 判決,宣判
He has been sentenced to pay a fine of 1000 pounds.
他被判罰款1000英鎊。
3. service
① 服務(wù) (n.)
The food is good at the hotel, but the service is poor.
② 公用事業(yè)的業(yè)務(wù)或工作狀態(tài)?。╪.) a bus/train service
4. since
① 自從……(以來)
I have worked in the company since I graduated from college.
② 既然
Since you like the car,why don't you buy it?
5. should
① 應(yīng)該
You should clean your classroom every day.
② 竟然
I can't believe that he should speak to his parents like that.
6. spring
① 春天?。╪.)
The weather is warm in spring.
② 泉水?。╪.) a hot spring 溫泉
7. some
① 一些
Give me some paper, please.
② 某一(在單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞之前)
Some Mr. Smith is waiting for you.
8. support
① 支持?。╲t./n.)
The chair can't suport you two——you are too heavy.
② 贍養(yǎng)?。╲t.)
He has a big family to suport.
T
1. train
① 訓(xùn)練?。╲t.)
He was trained as a engineer.
② 火車(一列)(n.)
I went home by train last week.
2. treat
① 對待?。╲t.)
The woman treats the baby as her own child.
② 治療?。╲t.)
She was treated for sunstroke(中暑).
W
1. when (熟義:conj. 當(dāng)…時候)
conj. 那時突然;既然,考慮到
I was about to leave when it began to rain.
我剛要離開,突然下起雨來。
2. while?。ㄊ炝x:conj. 當(dāng)… 時候?。?/p>
conj. 然而;盡管,雖然
I drink black coffee while he prefers it with cream.
我愛喝清咖啡而他喜歡加奶油的。
While I admit that there are problems, I don’t agree that they cannot be solved.
盡管我承認(rèn)有問題存在,但我沒說這些問題不能解決。
3. wonder?。ㄊ炝x:v. 想知道)
v. 感到驚奇,驚嘆
We wondered at the speed with which it arrived.
我們贊嘆其到達(dá)速度之快。
4. word (熟義:n. 單詞,話?。?/p>
n. 消息(不可數(shù)名詞)
Word came that I was needed at home.
有信兒來說家里需要我。
5. will
① 將(一般將來時)
I will stay at home if it rains .
② 意志(品質(zhì))(n.)
The old woman has a strong will.
③ 愿望?。╪.) against one‘s will 違反某人的意愿
6. well
① 好地?。╝dv.)
He can play football very well.
② 井?。╪.)
The water in the well is very cool.
本期策劃:姬旺芳 執(zhí)行:趙曉玲 徐佳妮
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